Catalyst.jl API

@reaction_network

Generates a ReactionSystem that encodes a chemical reaction network.

See The Reaction DSL documentation for details on parameters to the macro.

Examples:

# a basic SIR model, with name SIR
sir_model = @reaction_network SIR begin
    c1, s + i --> 2i
    c2, i --> r
end

# a basic SIR model, with random generated name
sir_model = @reaction_network begin
    c1, s + i --> 2i
    c2, i --> r
end

# an empty network with name empty
emptyrn = @reaction_network empty

# an empty network with random generated name
emptyrn = @reaction_network

make_empty_network(; iv=DEFAULT_IV, name=gensym(:ReactionSystem))

Construct an empty ReactionSystem. iv is the independent variable, usually time, and name is the name to give the ReactionSystem.

@reaction

Generates a single Reaction object.

Examples:

rx = @reaction k*v, A + B --> C + D

# is equivalent to
@parameters k v
@variables t
@species A(t) B(t) C(t) D(t)
rx == Reaction(k*v, [A,B], [C,D])

Here k and v will be parameters and A, B, C and D will be variables. Interpolation of existing parameters/variables also works

@parameters k b
@variables t
@species A(t)
ex = k*A^2 + t
rx = @reaction b*$ex*$A, $A --> C

Notes:

• Any symbols arising in the rate expression that aren't interpolated are treated as parameters. In the reaction part (α*A + B --> C + D), coefficients are treated as parameters, e.g. α, and rightmost symbols as species, e.g. A,B,C,D.
• Works with any single arrow types supported by @reaction_network.
• Interpolation of Julia variables into the macro works similar to the @reaction_network macro. See The Reaction DSL tutorial for more details.

struct Reaction{S, T}

One chemical reaction.

Fields

• rate: The rate function (excluding mass action terms).

• substrates: Reaction substrates.

• products: Reaction products.

• substoich: The stoichiometric coefficients of the reactants.

• prodstoich: The stoichiometric coefficients of the products.

• netstoich: The net stoichiometric coefficients of all species changed by the reaction.

• only_use_rate: false (default) if rate should be multiplied by mass action terms to give the rate law. true if rate represents the full reaction rate law.

Examples

using Catalyst
@parameters k[1:20]
@variables t
@species A(t) B(t) C(t) D(t)
rxs = [Reaction(k[1], nothing, [A]),            # 0 -> A
       Reaction(k[2], [B], nothing),            # B -> 0
       Reaction(k[3],[A],[C]),                  # A -> C
       Reaction(k[4], [C], [A,B]),              # C -> A + B
       Reaction(k[5], [C], [A], [1], [2]),      # C -> A + A
       Reaction(k[6], [A,B], [C]),              # A + B -> C
       Reaction(k[7], [B], [A], [2], [1]),      # 2B -> A
       Reaction(k[8], [A,B], [A,C]),            # A + B -> A + C
       Reaction(k[9], [A,B], [C,D]),            # A + B -> C + D
       Reaction(k[10], [A], [C,D], [2], [1,1]), # 2A -> C + D
       Reaction(k[11], [A], [A,B], [2], [1,1]), # 2A -> A + B
       Reaction(k[12], [A,B,C], [C,D], [1,3,4], [2, 3]),          # A+3B+4C -> 2C + 3D
       Reaction(k[13], [A,B], nothing, [3,1], nothing),           # 3A+B -> 0
       Reaction(k[14], nothing, [A], nothing, [2]),               # 0 -> 2A
       Reaction(k[15]*A/(2+A), [A], nothing; only_use_rate=true), # A -> 0 with custom rate
       Reaction(k[16], [A], [B]; only_use_rate=true),             # A -> B with custom rate.
       Reaction(k[17]*A*exp(B), [C], [D], [2], [1]),              # 2C -> D with non constant rate.
       Reaction(k[18]*B, nothing, [B], nothing, [2]),             # 0 -> 2B with non constant rate.
       Reaction(k[19]*t, [A], [B]),                                # A -> B with non constant rate.
       Reaction(k[20]*t*A, [B,C], [D],[2,1],[2])                  # 2A +B -> 2C with non constant rate.
  ]

Notes:

• nothing can be used to indicate a reaction that has no reactants or no products. In this case the corresponding stoichiometry vector should also be set to nothing.
• The three-argument form assumes all reactant and product stoichiometric coefficients are one.

struct ReactionSystem{V<:Catalyst.NetworkProperties} <: AbstractTimeDependentSystem

A system of chemical reactions.

Fields

• eqs: The equations (reactions and algebraic/differential) defining the system.

• rxs: The Reactions defining the system.

• iv: Independent variable (usually time).

• sivs: Spatial independent variables

• states: All dependent (state) variables, species and non-species. Must not contain the independent variable.

• species: Dependent state variables representing species

• ps: Parameter variables. Must not contain the independent variable.

• var_to_name: Maps Symbol to corresponding variable.

• observed: Equations for observed variables.

• name: The name of the system

• systems: Internal sub-systems

• defaults: The default values to use when initial conditions and/or parameters are not supplied in ODEProblem.

• connection_type: Type of the system

• networkproperties: NetworkProperties object that can be filled in by API functions. INTERNAL – not considered part of the public API.

• combinatoric_ratelaws: Sets whether to use combinatoric scalings in rate laws. true by default.

• continuous_events: continuous_events: A Vector{SymbolicContinuousCallback} that model events. The integrator will use root finding to guarantee that it steps at each zero crossing.

• discrete_events: discrete_events: A Vector{SymbolicDiscreteCallback} that models events. Symbolic analog to SciMLBase.DiscreteCallback that executes an affect when a given condition is true at the end of an integration step.

• complete: complete: if a model sys is complete, then sys.x no longer performs namespacing.

Example

Continuing from the example in the Reaction definition:

# simple constructor that infers species and parameters
@named rs = ReactionSystem(rxs, t)

# allows specification of species and parameters
@named rs = ReactionSystem(rxs, t, [A,B,C,D], k)

Keyword Arguments:

• observed::Vector{Equation}, equations specifying observed variables.
• systems::Vector{AbstractSystems}, vector of sub-systems. Can be ReactionSystems, ODESystems, or NonlinearSystems.
• name::Symbol, the name of the system (must be provided, or @named must be used).
• defaults::Dict, a dictionary mapping parameters to their default values and species to their default initial values.
• checks = true, boolean for whether to check units.
• networkproperties = NetworkProperties(), cache for network properties calculated via API functions.
• combinatoric_ratelaws = true, sets the default value of combinatoric_ratelaws used in calls to convert or calling various problem types with the ReactionSystem.
• balanced_bc_check = true, sets whether to check that BC species appearing in reactions are balanced (i.e appear as both a substrate and a product with the same stoichiometry).

Notes:

• ReactionSystems currently do rudimentary unit checking, requiring that all species have the same units, and all reactions have rate laws with units of (species units) / (time units). Unit checking can be disabled by passing the keyword argument checks=false.

species(network)

Given a ReactionSystem, return a vector of all species defined in the system and any subsystems that are of type ReactionSystem. To get the species and non-species variables in the system and all subsystems, including non-ReactionSystem subsystems, uses states(network).

Notes:

• If ModelingToolkit.get_systems(network) is non-empty will allocate.

nonspecies(network)

Return the non-species variables within the network, i.e. those states for which isspecies == false.

Notes:

• Allocates a new array to store the non-species variables.

reactionparams(network)

Given a ReactionSystem, return a vector of all parameters defined within the system and any subsystems that are of type ReactionSystem. To get the parameters in the system and all subsystems, including non-ReactionSystem subsystems, use parameters(network).

Notes:

• Allocates and has to calculate these dynamically by comparison for each reaction.

reactions(network)

Given a ReactionSystem, return a vector of all Reactions in the system.

Notes:

• If ModelingToolkit.get_systems(network) is not empty, will allocate.

numspecies(network)

Return the total number of species within the given ReactionSystem and subsystems that are ReactionSystems.

numparams(network)

Return the total number of parameters within the given system and all subsystems.

numreactions(network)

Return the total number of reactions within the given ReactionSystem and subsystems that are ReactionSystems.

numreactionparams(network)

Return the total number of parameters within the given ReactionSystem and subsystems that are ReactionSystems.

Notes

• If there are no subsystems this will be fast.
• As this calls reactionparams, it can be slow and will allocate if there are any subsystems.

speciesmap(network)

Given a ReactionSystem, return a Dictionary mapping species that participate in Reactions to their index within species(network).

paramsmap(network)

Given a ReactionSystem, return a Dictionary mapping from all parameters that appear within the system to their index within parameters(network).

reactionparamsmap(network)

Given a ReactionSystem, return a Dictionary mapping from parameters that appear within Reactions to their index within reactionparams(network).

isspecies(s)

Tests if the given symbolic variable corresponds to a chemical species.

Catalyst.isconstant(s)

Tests if the given symbolic variable corresponds to a constant species.

Catalyst.isbc(s)

Tests if the given symbolic variable corresponds to a boundary condition species.

ismassaction(rx, rs; rxvars = get_variables(rx.rate),
                              haveivdep = nothing,
                              stateset = Set(states(rs)),
                              ivset = nothing)

True if a given reaction is of mass action form, i.e. rx.rate does not depend on any chemical species that correspond to states of the system, and does not depend explicitly on the independent variable (usually time).

Arguments

• rx, the Reaction.
• rs, a ReactionSystem containing the reaction.
• Optional: rxvars, Variables which are not in rxvars are ignored as possible dependencies.
• Optional: haveivdep, true if the Reaction rate field explicitly depends on any independent variable (i.e. t or for spatial systems x,y,etc). If not set, will be automatically calculated.
• Optional: stateset, set of states which if the rxvars are within mean rx is non-mass action.
• Optional: ivset, a Set of the independent variables of the system. If not provided and the system is spatial, i.e. isspatial(rs) == true, it will be created with all the spatial variables and the time variable. If the rate expression contains any element of ivset, then ismassaction(rx,rs) == false. Pass a custom set to control this behavior.

Notes:

• Non-integer stoichiometry is treated as non-mass action. This includes symbolic variables/terms or floating point numbers for stoichiometric coefficients.

dependents(rx, network)

Given a Reaction and a ReactionSystem, return a vector of the non-constant species and variables the reaction rate law depends on. e.g., for

k*W, 2X + 3Y --> 5Z + W

the returned vector would be [W(t),X(t),Y(t)].

Notes:

• Allocates
• Does not check for dependents within any subsystems.
• Constant species are not considered dependents since they are internally treated as parameters.
• If the rate expression depends on a non-species state variable that will be included in the dependents, i.e. in

  @parameters k
  @variables t V(t)
  @species A(t) B(t) C(t)
  rx = Reaction(k*V, [A, B], [C])
  @named rs = ReactionSystem([rx], t)
  issetequal(dependents(rx, rs), [A,B,V]) == true

dependents(rx, network)

See documentation for dependents.

substoichmat(rn; sparse=false)

Returns the substrate stoichiometry matrix, $S$, with $S_{i j}$ the stoichiometric coefficient of the ith substrate within the jth reaction.

Note:

• Set sparse=true for a sparse matrix representation
• Note that constant species are not considered substrates, but just components that modify the associated rate law.

prodstoichmat(rn; sparse=false)

Returns the product stoichiometry matrix, $P$, with $P_{i j}$ the stoichiometric coefficient of the ith product within the jth reaction.

Note:

• Set sparse=true for a sparse matrix representation
• Note that constant species are not treated as products, but just components that modify the associated rate law.

netstoichmat(rn, sparse=false)

Returns the net stoichiometry matrix, $N$, with $N_{i j}$ the net stoichiometric coefficient of the ith species within the jth reaction.

Notes:

• Set sparse=true for a sparse matrix representation
• Caches the matrix internally within rn so subsequent calls are fast.
• Note that constant species are not treated as reactants, but just components that modify the associated rate law. As such they do not contribute to the net stoichiometry matrix.

reactionrates(network)

Given a ReactionSystem, returns a vector of the symbolic reaction rates for each reaction.

@add_reactions

Adds the reactions declared to a preexisting ReactionSystem. Note, mutates the original network.

Notes:

• To instead generate a new network by combining two existing networks use ModelingToolkit.extend.

Example:

rn = @reaction_network begin
    @parameters G
    π, 2*A --> B
    end

# add this reaction into rn
@add_reactions rn begin
    k*A, C --> D
end

addspecies!(network::ReactionSystem, s::Symbolic; disablechecks=false)

Given a ReactionSystem, add the species corresponding to the variable s to the network (if it is not already defined). Returns the integer id of the species within the system.

Notes:

• disablechecks will disable checking for whether the passed in variable is already defined, which is useful when adding many new variables to the system. Do not disable checks unless you are sure the passed in variable is a new variable, as this will potentially leave the system in an undefined state.

addspecies!(network::ReactionSystem, s::Num; disablechecks=false)

Given a ReactionSystem, add the species corresponding to the variable s to the network (if it is not already defined). Returns the integer id of the species within the system.

• disablechecks will disable checking for whether the passed in variable is already defined, which is useful when adding many new variables to the system. Do not disable checks unless you are sure the passed in variable is a new variable, as this will potentially leave the system in an undefined state.

addparam!(network::ReactionSystem, p::Symbolic; disablechecks=false)

Given a ReactionSystem, add the parameter corresponding to the variable p to the network (if it is not already defined). Returns the integer id of the parameter within the system.

• disablechecks will disable checking for whether the passed in variable is already defined, which is useful when adding many new variables to the system. Do not disable checks unless you are sure the passed in variable is a new variable, as this will potentially leave the system in an undefined state.

addparam!(network::ReactionSystem, p::Num; disablechecks=false)

Given a ReactionSystem, add the parameter corresponding to the variable p to the network (if it is not already defined). Returns the integer id of the parameter within the system.

• disablechecks will disable checking for whether the passed in variable is already defined, which is useful when adding many new variables to the system. Do not disable checks unless you are sure the passed in variable is a new variable, as this will potentially leave the system in an undefined state.

addreaction!(network::ReactionSystem, rx::Reaction)

Add the passed in reaction to the ReactionSystem. Returns the integer id of rx in the list of Reactions within network.

Notes:

• Any new species or parameters used in rx should be separately added to network using addspecies! and addparam!.

setdefaults!(rn, newdefs)

Sets the default (initial) values of parameters and species in the ReactionSystem, rn.

For example,

sir = @reaction_network SIR begin
    β, S + I --> 2I
    ν, I --> R
end
setdefaults!(sir, [:S => 999.0, :I => 1.0, :R => 1.0, :β => 1e-4, :ν => .01])

# or
@parameter β ν
@variables t
@species S(t) I(t) R(t)
setdefaults!(sir, [S => 999.0, I => 1.0, R => 0.0, β => 1e-4, ν => .01])

gives initial/default values to each of S, I and β

Notes:

• Can not be used to set default values for species, variables or parameters of subsystems or constraint systems. Either set defaults for those systems directly, or flatten to collate them into one system before setting defaults.
• Defaults can be specified in any iterable container of symbols to value pairs or symbolics to value pairs.

extend(
    sys::ModelingToolkit.AbstractSystem,
    basesys::ModelingToolkit.AbstractSystem;
    name,
    gui_metadata
) -> ReactionSystem

extend the basesys with sys, the resulting system would inherit sys's name by default.

ModelingToolkit.extend(sys::AbstractSystem, rs::ReactionSystem; name::Symbol=nameof(sys))

Extends the indicated ReactionSystem with another AbstractSystem.

Notes:

• The AbstractSystem being added in must be an ODESystem, NonlinearSystem, or ReactionSystem currently.
• Returns a new ReactionSystem and does not modify rs.
• By default, the new ReactionSystem will have the same name as sys.

compose(sys, systems; name)

compose multiple systems together. The resulting system would inherit the first system's name.

Catalyst.flatten(rs::ReactionSystem)

Merges all subsystems of the given ReactionSystem up into rs.

Notes:

• Returns a new ReactionSystem that represents the flattened system.
• All Reactions within subsystems are namespaced and merged into the list of Reactions of rs. The merged list is then available as reactions(rs).
• All algebraic and differential equations are merged in the equations of rs.
• Currently only ReactionSystems, NonlinearSystems and ODESystems are supported as sub-systems when flattening.
• rs.networkproperties is reset upon flattening.
• The default value of combinatoric_ratelaws will be the logical or of all ReactionSystems.

merge!(network1::ReactionSystem, network2::ReactionSystem)

Merge network2 into network1.

Notes:

• Duplicate reactions between the two networks are not filtered out.
• Reactions are not deepcopied to minimize allocations, so both networks will share underlying data arrays.
• Subsystems are not deepcopied between the two networks and will hence be shared.
• Returns network1.
• combinatoric_ratelaws is the value of network1.

reorder_states!(rn, neworder)

Given a ReactionSystem and a vector neworder, reorders the states of rn, i.e. get_states(rn), according to neworder.

Notes:

• Currently only supports ReactionSystems without subsystems.

conservationlaws(netstoichmat::AbstractMatrix)::Matrix

Given the net stoichiometry matrix of a reaction system, computes a matrix of conservation laws, each represented as a row in the output.

conservationlaws(rs::ReactionSystem)

Return the conservation law matrix of the given ReactionSystem, calculating it if it is not already stored within the system, or returning an alias to it.

Notes:

• The first time being called it is calculated and cached in rn, subsequent calls should be fast.

conservedquantities(state, cons_laws)

Compute conserved quantities for a system with the given conservation laws.

conservedequations(rn::ReactionSystem)

Calculate symbolic equations from conservation laws, writing dependent variables as functions of independent variables and the conservation law constants.

Notes:

• Caches the resulting equations in rn, so will be fast on subsequent calls.

Examples:

rn = @reaction_network begin
    k, A + B --> C
    k2, C --> A + B
    end
conservedequations(rn)

gives

2-element Vector{Equation}:
 B(t) ~ A(t) + Γ[1]
 C(t) ~ Γ[2] - A(t)

conservationlaw_constants(rn::ReactionSystem)

Calculate symbolic equations from conservation laws, writing the conservation law constants in terms of the dependent and independent variables.

Notes:

• Caches the resulting equations in rn, so will be fast on subsequent calls.

Examples:

rn = @reaction_network begin
    k, A + B --> C
    k2, C --> A + B
    end
conservationlaw_constants(rn)

gives

2-element Vector{Equation}:
 Γ[1] ~ B(t) - A(t)
 Γ[2] ~ A(t) + C(t)

struct ReactionComplexElement{T}

One reaction complex element

Fields

• speciesid: The integer id of the species representing this element.

• speciesstoich: The stoichiometric coefficient of this species.

struct ReactionComplex{V<:Integer} <: AbstractArray{Catalyst.ReactionComplexElement{V<:Integer}, 1}

One reaction complex.

Fields

• speciesids: The integer ids of all species participating in this complex.

• speciesstoichs: The stoichiometric coefficients of all species participating in this complex.

reactioncomplexmap(rn::ReactionSystem)

Find each ReactionComplex within the specified system, constructing a mapping from the complex to vectors that indicate which reactions it appears in as substrates and products.

Notes:

• Each ReactionComplex is mapped to a vector of pairs, with each pair having the form reactionidx => ± 1, where -1 indicates the complex appears as a substrate and +1 as a product in the reaction with integer label reactionidx.
• Constant species are ignored as part of a complex. i.e. if species A is constant then the reaction A + B --> C + D is considered to consist of the complexes B and C + D. Likewise A --> B would be treated as the same as 0 --> B.

reactioncomplexes(network::ReactionSystem; sparse=false)

Calculate the reaction complexes and complex incidence matrix for the given ReactionSystem.

Notes:

• returns a pair of a vector of ReactionComplexs and the complex incidence matrix.
• An empty ReactionComplex denotes the null (∅) state (from reactions like ∅ -> A or A -> ∅).
• Constant species are ignored in generating a reaction complex. i.e. if A is constant then A –> B consists of the complexes ∅ and B.
• The complex incidence matrix, $B$, is number of complexes by number of reactions with

\[B_{i j} = \begin{cases} -1, &\text{if the i'th complex is the substrate of the j'th reaction},\\ 1, &\text{if the i'th complex is the product of the j'th reaction},\\ 0, &\text{otherwise.} \end{cases}\]

• Set sparse=true for a sparse matrix representation of the incidence matrix

incidencemat(rn::ReactionSystem; sparse=false)

Calculate the incidence matrix of rn, see reactioncomplexes.

Notes:

• Is cached in rn so that future calls, assuming the same sparsity, will also be fast.

complexstoichmat(network::ReactionSystem; sparse=false)

Given a ReactionSystem and vector of reaction complexes, return a matrix with positive entries of size number of species by number of complexes, where the non-zero positive entries in the kth column denote stoichiometric coefficients of the species participating in the kth reaction complex.

Notes:

• Set sparse=true for a sparse matrix representation

complexoutgoingmat(network::ReactionSystem; sparse=false)

Given a ReactionSystem and complex incidence matrix, $B$, return a matrix of size num of complexes by num of reactions that identifies substrate complexes.

Notes:

• The complex outgoing matrix, $\Delta$, is defined by

\[\Delta_{i j} = \begin{cases} = 0, &\text{if } B_{i j} = 1, \\ = B_{i j}, &\text{otherwise.} \end{cases}\]

• Set sparse=true for a sparse matrix representation

incidencematgraph(rn::ReactionSystem)

Construct a directed simple graph where nodes correspond to reaction complexes and directed edges to reactions converting between two complexes.

Notes:

• Requires the incidencemat to already be cached in rn by a previous call to reactioncomplexes.

For example,

sir = @reaction_network SIR begin
    β, S + I --> 2I
    ν, I --> R
end
complexes,incidencemat = reactioncomplexes(sir)
incidencematgraph(sir)

linkageclasses(rn::ReactionSystem)

Given the incidence graph of a reaction network, return a vector of the connected components of the graph (i.e. sub-groups of reaction complexes that are connected in the incidence graph).

Notes:

• Requires the incidencemat to already be cached in rn by a previous call to reactioncomplexes.

For example,

sir = @reaction_network SIR begin
    β, S + I --> 2I
    ν, I --> R
end
complexes,incidencemat = reactioncomplexes(sir)
linkageclasses(sir)

gives

2-element Vector{Vector{Int64}}:
 [1, 2]
 [3, 4]

deficiency(rn::ReactionSystem)

Calculate the deficiency of a reaction network.

Here the deficiency, $\delta$, of a network with $n$ reaction complexes, $\ell$ linkage classes and a rank $s$ stoichiometric matrix is

\[\delta = n - \ell - s\]

Notes:

• Requires the incidencemat to already be cached in rn by a previous call to reactioncomplexes.

For example,

sir = @reaction_network SIR begin
    β, S + I --> 2I
    ν, I --> R
end
rcs,incidencemat = reactioncomplexes(sir)
δ = deficiency(sir)

subnetworks(rn::ReactionSystem)

Find subnetworks corresponding to each linkage class of the reaction network.

Notes:

• Requires the incidencemat to already be cached in rn by a previous call to reactioncomplexes.

For example,

sir = @reaction_network SIR begin
    β, S + I --> 2I
    ν, I --> R
end
complexes,incidencemat = reactioncomplexes(sir)
subnetworks(sir)

linkagedeficiencies(network::ReactionSystem)

Calculates the deficiency of each sub-reaction network within network.

Notes:

• Requires the incidencemat to already be cached in rn by a previous call to reactioncomplexes.

For example,

sir = @reaction_network SIR begin
    β, S + I --> 2I
    ν, I --> R
end
rcs,incidencemat = reactioncomplexes(sir)
linkage_deficiencies = linkagedeficiencies(sir)

isreversible(rn::ReactionSystem)

Given a reaction network, returns if the network is reversible or not.

Notes:

• Requires the incidencemat to already be cached in rn by a previous call to reactioncomplexes.

For example,

sir = @reaction_network SIR begin
    β, S + I --> 2I
    ν, I --> R
end
rcs,incidencemat = reactioncomplexes(sir)
isreversible(sir)

isweaklyreversible(rn::ReactionSystem, subnetworks)

Determine if the reaction network with the given subnetworks is weakly reversible or not.

Notes:

• Requires the incidencemat to already be cached in rn by a previous call to reactioncomplexes.

For example,

sir = @reaction_network SIR begin
    β, S + I --> 2I
    ν, I --> R
end
rcs,incidencemat = reactioncomplexes(sir)
subnets = subnetworks(rn)
isweaklyreversible(rn, subnets)

reset_networkproperties!(rn::ReactionSystem)

Clears the cache of various properties (like the netstoichiometry matrix). Use if such properties need to be recalculated for some reason.

==(rx1::Reaction, rx2::Reaction)

Tests whether two Reactions are identical.

Notes:

• Ignores the order in which stoichiometry components are listed.
• Does not currently simplify rates, so a rate of A^2+2*A+1 would be considered different than (A+1)^2.

isequivalent(rn1::ReactionSystem, rn2::ReactionSystem; ignorenames = true)

Tests whether the underlying species, parameters and reactions are the same in the two ReactionSystems. Ignores the names of the systems in testing equality.

Notes:

• Does not currently simplify rates, so a rate of A^2+2*A+1 would be considered different than (A+1)^2.
• Does not include defaults in determining equality.

==(rn1::ReactionSystem, rn2::ReactionSystem)

Tests whether the underlying species, parameters and reactions are the same in the two ReactionSystems. Requires the systems to have the same names too.

Notes:

• Does not currently simplify rates, so a rate of A^2+2*A+1 would be considered different than (A+1)^2.
• Does not include defaults in determining equality.

Graph(rn::ReactionSystem)

Converts a ReactionSystem into a Graphviz graph. Reactions correspond to small green circles, and species to blue circles.

Notes:

• Black arrows from species to reactions indicate reactants, and are labelled with their input stoichiometry.
• Black arrows from reactions to species indicate products, and are labelled with their output stoichiometry.
• Red arrows from species to reactions indicate that species is used within the rate expression. For example, in the reaction k*A, B --> C, there would be a red arrow from A to the reaction node. In k*A, A+B --> C, there would be red and black arrows from A to the reaction node.
• Requires the Graphviz jll to be installed, or Graphviz to be installed and commandline accessible.

complexgraph(rn::ReactionSystem; complexdata=reactioncomplexes(rn))

Creates a Graphviz graph of the ReactionComplexs in rn. Reactions correspond to arrows and reaction complexes to blue circles.

Notes:

• Black arrows from complexes to complexes indicate reactions whose rate is a parameter or a Number. i.e. k, A --> B.
• Red dashed arrows from complexes to complexes indicate reactions whose rate depends on species. i.e. k*C, A --> B for C a species.
• Requires the Graphviz jll to be installed, or Graphviz to be installed and commandline accessible.

savegraph(g::Graph, fname, fmt="png")

Given a Graph generated by Graph, save the graph to the file with name fname and extension fmt.

Notes:

• fmt="png" is the default output format.
• Requires the Graphviz jll to be installed, or Graphviz to be installed and commandline accessible.

oderatelaw(rx; combinatoric_ratelaw=true)

Given a Reaction, return the symbolic reaction rate law used in generated ODEs for the reaction. Note, for a reaction defined by

k*X*Y, X+Z --> 2X + Y

the expression that is returned will be k*X(t)^2*Y(t)*Z(t). For a reaction of the form

k, 2X+3Y --> Z

the expression that is returned will be k * (X(t)^2/2) * (Y(t)^3/6).

Notes:

• Allocates
• combinatoric_ratelaw=true uses factorial scaling factors in calculating the rate law, i.e. for 2S -> 0 at rate k the ratelaw would be k*S^2/2!. If combinatoric_ratelaw=false then the ratelaw is k*S^2, i.e. the scaling factor is ignored.

jumpratelaw(rx; combinatoric_ratelaw=true)

Given a Reaction, return the symbolic reaction rate law used in generated stochastic chemical kinetics model SSAs for the reaction. Note, for a reaction defined by

k*X*Y, X+Z --> 2X + Y

the expression that is returned will be k*X^2*Y*Z. For a reaction of the form

k, 2X+3Y --> Z

the expression that is returned will be k * binomial(X,2) * binomial(Y,3).

Notes:

• Allocates
• combinatoric_ratelaw=true uses binomials in calculating the rate law, i.e. for 2S -> 0 at rate k the ratelaw would be k*S*(S-1)/2. If combinatoric_ratelaw=false then the ratelaw is k*S*(S-1), i.e. the rate law is not normalized by the scaling factor.

mm(X,v,K) = v*X / (X + K)

A Michaelis-Menten rate function.

mmr(X,v,K) = v*K / (X + K)

A repressive Michaelis-Menten rate function.

hill(X,v,K,n) = v*(X^n) / (X^n + K^n)

A Hill rate function.

hillr(X,v,K,n) = v*(K^n) / (X^n + K^n)

A repressive Hill rate function.

hillar(X,Y,v,K,n) = v*(X^n) / (X^n + Y^n + K^n)

An activation/repressing Hill rate function.

Base.convert(::Type{<:ODESystem},rs::ReactionSystem)

Convert a ReactionSystem to an ModelingToolkit.ODESystem.

Keyword args and default values:

• combinatoric_ratelaws=true uses factorial scaling factors in calculating the rate law, i.e. for 2S -> 0 at rate k the ratelaw would be k*S^2/2!. Set combinatoric_ratelaws=false for a ratelaw of k*S^2, i.e. the scaling factor is ignored. Defaults to the value given when the ReactionSystem was constructed (which itself defaults to true).
• remove_conserved=false, if set to true will calculate conservation laws of the underlying set of reactions (ignoring constraint equations), and then apply them to reduce the number of equations.

Base.convert(::Type{<:NonlinearSystem},rs::ReactionSystem)

Convert a ReactionSystem to an ModelingToolkit.NonlinearSystem.

Keyword args and default values:

• combinatoric_ratelaws=true uses factorial scaling factors in calculating the rate law, i.e. for 2S -> 0 at rate k the ratelaw would be k*S^2/2!. Set combinatoric_ratelaws=false for a ratelaw of k*S^2, i.e. the scaling factor is ignored. Defaults to the value given when the ReactionSystem was constructed (which itself defaults to true).
• remove_conserved=false, if set to true will calculate conservation laws of the underlying set of reactions (ignoring constraint equations), and then apply them to reduce the number of equations.

Base.convert(::Type{<:SDESystem},rs::ReactionSystem)

Convert a ReactionSystem to an ModelingToolkit.SDESystem.

Notes:

• combinatoric_ratelaws=true uses factorial scaling factors in calculating the rate law, i.e. for 2S -> 0 at rate k the ratelaw would be k*S^2/2!. Set combinatoric_ratelaws=false for a ratelaw of k*S^2, i.e. the scaling factor is ignored. Defaults to the value given when the ReactionSystem was constructed (which itself defaults to true).
• noise_scaling=nothing::Union{Vector{Num},Num,Nothing} allows for linear scaling of the noise in the chemical Langevin equations. If nothing is given, the default value as in Gillespie 2000 is used. Alternatively, a Num can be given, this is added as a parameter to the system (at the end of the parameter array). All noise terms are linearly scaled with this value. The parameter may be one already declared in the ReactionSystem. Finally, a Vector{Num} can be provided (the length must be equal to the number of reactions). Here the noise for each reaction is scaled by the corresponding parameter in the input vector. This input may contain repeat parameters.
• remove_conserved=false, if set to true will calculate conservation laws of the underlying set of reactions (ignoring constraint equations), and then apply them to reduce the number of equations.
• Does not currently support ReactionSystems that include coupled algebraic or differential equations.

Base.convert(::Type{<:JumpSystem},rs::ReactionSystem; combinatoric_ratelaws=true)

Convert a ReactionSystem to an ModelingToolkit.JumpSystem.

Notes:

• combinatoric_ratelaws=true uses binomials in calculating the rate law, i.e. for 2S -> 0 at rate k the ratelaw would be k*S*(S-1)/2. If combinatoric_ratelaws=false then the ratelaw is k*S*(S-1), i.e. the rate law is not normalized by the scaling factor. Defaults to the value given when the ReactionSystem was constructed (which itself defaults to true).
• Does not currently support ReactionSystems that include coupled algebraic or differential equations.
• Does not currently support continuous events as these are not supported by ModelingToolkit.JumpSystems.

structural_simplify(sys)
structural_simplify(sys, io; simplify, kwargs...)

Structurally simplify algebraic equations in a system and compute the topological sort of the observed equations. When simplify=true, the simplify function will be applied during the tearing process. It also takes kwargs allow_symbolic=false and allow_parameter=true which limits the coefficient types during tearing.

The optional argument io may take a tuple (inputs, outputs). This will convert all inputs to parameters and allow them to be unconnected, i.e., simplification will allow models where n_states = n_equations - n_inputs.

validate(rx::Reaction; info::String = "")

Check that all substrates and products within the given Reaction have the same units, and that the units of the reaction's rate expression are internally consistent (i.e. if the rate involves sums, each term in the sum has the same units).

validate(rs::ReactionSystem, info::String="")

Check that all species in the ReactionSystem have the same units, and that the rate laws of all reactions reduce to units of (species units) / (time units).

Notes:

• Does not check subsystems, constraint equations, or non-species variables.

symmap_to_varmap(sys, symmap)

Given a system and map of Symbols to values, generates a map from corresponding symbolic variables/parameters to the values that can be used to pass initial conditions and parameter mappings.

For example,

sir = @reaction_network sir begin
    β, S + I --> 2I
    ν, I --> R
end
subsys = @reaction_network subsys begin
    k, A --> B
end
@named sys = compose(sir, [subsys])

gives

Model sys with 3 equations
States (5):
  S(t)
  I(t)
  R(t)
  subsys₊A(t)
  subsys₊B(t)
Parameters (3):
  β
  ν
  subsys₊k

to specify initial condition and parameter mappings from symbols we can use

symmap = [:S => 1.0, :I => 1.0, :R => 1.0, :subsys₊A => 1.0, :subsys₊B => 1.0]
u0map  = symmap_to_varmap(sys, symmap)
pmap   = symmap_to_varmap(sys, [:β => 1.0, :ν => 1.0, :subsys₊k => 1.0])

u0map and pmap can then be used as input to various problem types.

Notes:

• Any Symbol, sym, within symmap must be a valid field of sys. i.e. sys.sym must be defined.